Influence of the Economy on UK Government

Influence of the Economy on UK Government The UK economy has undergone structural, financial, and political change over the last thirty years. Different ideologies and policies have served to shape the relationship between government and economy in varying directions. Some elements, such as state intervention, have remained as a point of debate. Other factors, like globalization, have just recently developed. The policy of UK governments as a whole has been shaped quite heavily by major economic events during this period, and the legacy left by the Conservative and Labor governments can still be seen today. The context of this relationship is concerned with the theory of political economy. This is the idea of rationality and growth of the ‘free market. First, it is key to outline the characteristics of the relationship the government and the economy share. Clearly, a government influences the way an economy works via it’s policies. The government uses two branches of policy, fiscal and monetary. Fiscal policy entails government spending whereas monetary policy involves manipulation interest rates. Both policy instruments are designed to achieve growth. The attempts of a government to influence economic activity in the national economy are defined as macro-economic measures. Even the government itself is run as a typical business in a free market economy. It has a limited budget, and it has to prioritize quality and cost. It sets itself certain monetary and economic targets which it aims to meet each financial year. The state also plays a crucial role in providing a welfare state, where transfer payments are an important part of a circular flow of an economy. Transfer payments are aid given to people who are unemployed, or for any other reason, are economically inactive. Aside from this, the government will play other roles of importance. The regulation of markets and the encouragement of competition and entrepreneurship are all different areas in which the government contributes to the economy. If you break the relationship down further to involve the firms, the government still maintains influential involvement. The tax system and enterprise schemes are just two of a long list of programs with which government and business stay inter-connected. The ass ociation between the government and its economy is a crucial and significant aspect of any dominant nation around the globe. One of the key changes in this relationship between governments and economies hasn’t risen from external events. One of the components of this relationship has undergone significant change since 1979. When looking at the time period just before this, there had been various approaches to political economy which had begun and then collapsed. The Keynesian orthodoxy collapsed in the face of a persistent and unpredicted rate of inflation. Each ideological change brought about it’s different effects on the relationship between government and economy. To generalize the change before and after 1979, it is appropriate to state that the size and style of government had changed, from big to small. Big government, where regulation of markets, state intervention and command economics were the central characteristics, had been abolished. In came small government, where practices such as deregulation, privatization and free market economics were encouraged and integrated. Under small government, the state would take a step back from economic affairs, and adapt, to a small extent; a ‘laissez-faire’ approach. This change in government would be preferred by business and other capitalists. Certainly, this change was a landmark event in the economic theory of the state, and would shape the economic policies of the following governments. The tenures of Thatcher and Blair may have been under different parties, but towed the line of small government, less government intervention. A new wave of neo-liberal or neo-classical practice had begun. The change in government style has been noted. Now, the effects of this change need to be assessed, and more importantly, the critical elements need to be analyzed. First, the notion of state intervention and market failure has to be critically put under the microscope. The argument over whether the state should intervene in the country’s economy has been a drawn out affair. Certainly, under the new Thatcher government in the early 80’s, state intervention in economic matters was the norm. Under Thatcher ‘there was a real attempt to deregulate markets and to transfer assets from public to the private sector’. This policy of privatization, ‘the sale of public sector firms to the private sector’, had become the hallmark of the 1980’s Con servative tenure. ‘Indeed, for many the overriding impression given by the Thatcher government was it’s interventionist †¦ stance in a wide variety of markets’. The idea behind this privatization program was that first, opening up large monopoly type companies allowed the implementation of private expertise and involvement, which wasn’t initially present. This would lead to a great level of efficiency and productivity. Second, privatization would show that ‘even natural monopolies were better handled by arms’ length regulation that committed the government to intervene perpetually’. Other Thatcher projects like the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and Public-Private partnerships invoked the idea of bringing a isolated private sector into the fray, and tapping it’s knowledge and expertise to bring a positive effect. The Public Finance Initiative used private finance to build projects and private management to run them, with the government paying a service charge for the use of the asset. Certainly, this program brought to the end the idea of heavy state control. The economic policies of Thatcher were a definite change from the period before. Labor would continue the main theme of free market policies. However, the period under Labor also the nationalization of some of Britain’s big companies. The Financial Crisis of 2007 saw Labor bring the Royal Bank of Scotland, Northern Bank and Lloyds TSB into government ownership. The government was forced to pump emergency funds into the banks to restore confidence in the banking system and to avoid a complete collapse. The need for government intervention wasn’t favored by either the banking sector or the general public, but this intervention was one of the risks which came with a free market economy. As free market economies involve little regulation, the banks in this case, went past many of their remit when it came to what practices they could and should carry out. In such an economy, it is often assumed that the market should be left to regulate for itself, but such an assumption failed completely here. Alongside the banking crisis, the government was forced to introduce other macro-economic measures, such as quantitative easing designed to increase money supply and consumer spending, and other more micro-economic based measures such as the car scrappage scheme, which concentrated on boosting car sales. Government intervention was quite successful during this period, with Britain return to relative growth by 2009 and the banking sector beginning to recover. The period highlights the issue of whether state intervention is ever invisible to the economy. The idea behind dropping a command economic model is that you want an economy to work in a way for which it aims to maximize profit and creates growth and enterprise. Taking out the notion of state intervention means that individual companies and markets will have to work more efficiently and more professionally then they would if state assistance was on hand to help on any time. Regulation and risk-taking would have to be at an acceptable level, as the responsibility and successfulness of a business will depend solely on it’s management. Thus, should the business fall into trouble, and the government doesn’t intervene, it will be the company’s bosses that will feel the wrath of it’s shareholders. However, w hen the situation at stakes involves a sector which the whole country depends on and uses a lot of the time, e.g. banks, it becomes increasingly difficult for the government not to take action. The banks were a big concern for the public and small businesses, as there would be a high chance of savings being lost and businesses losing investment. It was important for all people involved to see the banks recover and be halted from the verge of collapse. The period has shown two things. Firstly, the UK economy has definitely assembled a free market and neo-liberal economic agenda, with markets allowed to act as they wish within an appropriate limit. Secondly, the government has the tools and the power to intervene in markets which grossly abuse the power allocated and allowed to them. Another aspect of political economy which has developed over the last thirty years is globalization. The term globalization ‘more accurately describes a number of processes by which products, people, companies, money and information are able to move freely and quickly around the world, unimpeded by national borders or other territorial limitations’. The effect of globalization is developing as each day goes by. The global economy has undergone significant change over the last few years, with workers and businesses all around the world being influenced by events happening in other parts of the globe. Trade and labour are some of the key parts of how globalization has developed. Trade between countries has grown quite extensively, with the European Union a good example of how trade relations have lengthened. Also, companies are now begin ning to locate businesses abroad because of cheap labour and favorable tax incentives. All these events have led to a rapid rise in global economic theory and policy. Globalization has helped create TNC’s (transnational companies) whose brand name is known all around the world. The effect of globalization is that the communication and influence of national government in it’s can break down easily. For example, if a company in the UK feels it is being taxed unfairly, or feels that it’s UK labour force isn’t as efficient as it could be in other countries, it may now have the ability to leave without causing itself much damage financially. If the government knows that it’s hand can be forced easily by the developing global market, it will be forced to succumb to the any demand of it’s domestic businesses. Ironically, globalization can also be classed as an argument for state intervention. Globalization will lead to some businesses failing due to increased competition – more reason to support other firms which could be successful in the future. Also, globalization may not be such a bad thing economicall y. Yes, a country is at risk with its businesses willing to relocate to the country that suits them best, but global competition means more emphasis on firm’s to become competitive. This can lead to more jobs and more growth in the domestic economy. The advancement of globalization has led to a decrease in the influence of government and moved up a notch, the power of business in national economies. In conclusion, over the last thirty years, the relationship between government and economy has fluctuated many times. The policy and style of government, and other external crises’ and events have led to different styles in handling public sector economics. External events such as the financial crisis and globalization have brought up the debate of the free market and whether attempts to keep the government in the background will ever be successful. Monopolies were the created of privatization, but deregulation was a creator of nationalization. This has seen a fine line having to be struck between the government’s roles in the economy. Globalization has seen individual firms within an economy boost their status and influence, in turn, shutting out government power in their respective economies. Different parties have brought their respective philosophies into power in the UK. Enterprise, freedom of choice and increased competition in individual markets has been the driv ing force in most action taken by government during this period. In my opinion, it is fair to say, that the UK economy and the UK government have undergone structural, political and geographical change, which has led to Britain maintaining a stranglehold in the battle of the developed and developing economies.

Certainty and Doubt Essay Essay

William Lyon Phelps and Bertrant Russel have conflicting views regarding the importance of certainty and doubt. Phelps position is that having certainty in oneself allows you to accomplish impossible tasks. While Russel believes it is healthy to have a certain amount of doubt in oneself and that people should not only believe in any one philosophy. Both Russel and Phelps make good points on the relationship between doubt and certainty but a combination of the two would be the most helpful. You should always have certainty when it comes to your own capabilities, but doubt is useful when forming your own beliefs and when it comes to others beliefs. Having certainty in yourself is the only way to have the confidence and drive to reach your goals. You cannot be confident if you are not certain in what you believe in or what you are capable of achieving. This is true for most athletes or dancers. My dance coach always says that you have to go out on the floor with confidence, when you are confident you seem certain in what you are doing even if you do it wrong. This certainty and confidence can lead to personal success or a team’s success. It shows that the most powerful way to have confidence is to trust your capabilities and that you know what you are doing. Russell’s views on doubt will create a well-rounded view when added to this. Especially in science when doubt must be included at all times. Scientist and doctors have a hard time proving there theories or ideas true, they have to rewrite and improve these theories many times over even if they are right or leaning in the right direction. Doubt also allows someone to view issues or ideas through the eyes of others. When you think differently than someone it opens up a discussion that could lead to doubt on one side of the argument. Doubt allows you to think critically about situations and see all perspectives of a discussion or theory. When it comes to the relationship between certainty and doubt they are both equally important.

Shocking Information About Comparative Essay Samples Free Uncovered

Shocking Information About Comparative Essay Samples Free Uncovered All About Comparative Essay Samples Free If however, you still have questions regarding comparative papers (or just do not have sufficient time to compose the assignment on your own), it's possible to always get in contact with our professional writing team and receive all the help you demand! The outline may seem easy from the very first sight. It's therefore recommended to first study the prompt at length highlighting the crucial words to recognize the precise need. If you understand you've zero time or enough info to finish the paper, you can ask Pro-Papers for help. The Good, the Bad and Comparative Essay Samples Free Developing content for virtually any essay necessitates focus and research. The topics should be specific. Essays utilize exactly the same format, but in regards to the structure, differences emerge. Comparative essays must be well proportioned in its structure in addition to in its ideas. Comparison may also be made of any 2 themes that are linked. Examples of them are essays regarding the basics of physics and geometry. You may start off by presenting the similarities between both, then demonstrate the distinction between both. To start with, in the same way as any other bit of academic writing, a comparative essay ought to have an objective. It is a writing task that requires you to compare two or more items. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you are writing, it is essential to develop a clear thesis statement and a crystal clear sound reasoning. Comparative essay writing doesn't necessarily involve distinctive topics because, in different instances, a writer may be requested to talk about the points for and against a specific topic or phenomenon. It's going to be too late to even employ a writer that will help you out. The author has to apply a system of mixed paragraphs if at all possible. On the flip side, Irish writer uses metaphors and deep philosophical suggestions to create a mystery the reader may be inclined to fix. Writing a comparative essay may be an enjoyable activity for virtually any student. You want to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. You should not permit your studies suffer at the cost of playing in school baseball team. Other folks conduct research on, for instance, how to compose Comparative Essay and apply the knowledge gathered to do their tasks. Choosing Comparative Essay Samples Free As you are dealing with two objects and top ics, you might have to to analyze them both and determine the connection between them. Accomplished writers Our professionals understand how to create worthy comparison essays, i.e. making an exhaustive analysis of the topic, applying a specific structural model, etc.. Everyday, individuals are prepared to get permanently marked as an individual choice as opposed to the customarily perception of belonging to a specific group. You should develop a list of methods where the subjects are the very same and how they're different. The simplest approach to decide on the sort of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. It requires thorough research, yet nobody is stopping you from adding your own spin on a specific subject issue. It is crucial to devote some time for searching for information regarding the points of comparison. It is crucial to think about the aspects that will determine how you present the facts and the manner in which you write. Essays have various str uctures. What's more, you may also take a look at our Essay Outline Templates, which will be able to help you structure your essays. A Comparative Essay format is comparable to the typical essay layout. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more. While writing a superb comparative essay, bear in mind that a thesis has to inform a reader about the subjects that are going to be compared and why it is necessary to do it. Before writing a comparative essay, you should first arm yourself with the information which you will need. If you are needed to compose a comparative essay but is unaware on how you are able to do one effectively, you can browse through the samples that we've gathered for you so that you can be more enlightened on how best to structure both the content and layout of this sort of essay. Therefore, it's vital to have an excellent comparative essay outline in place. Comparative Essay Samples Free - Dead or Alive? Each sort of research paper has a goal. Thus, looking at a comparative essay example readily available in our website is a great means to understand how to compose such kind of essays. An essay was defined in a number of means. If you wish to get a comparative essay from a respectable on-line compa ny, you've chosen the perfect one.

Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2198 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Anorexia Nervosa Essay Did you like this example? Glossary: Acupuncture an ancient Chinese therapy using needles and herbs to revivify the bodys energy flow. Aromatherapy the use of essential oils to relieve stress and relax. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Eating Disorder Anorexia Nervosa" essay for you Create order Anorexia Nervosa a medical condition and or mental health condition that causes lack or loss of appetite for food. Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory explains how the basic qualities of a child and his or her environment interactions influence how he will grow and develop. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy a type of psychotherapy which helps change negative patterns and thoughts by altering them. DSM-5 Manual of Mental Disorders. Eating disorder Abnormal or disturbed eating habits. Homeopathy the stimulation of the bodys natural defences (antibodies) to the illness, by introducing the problem substance into the body. Hypnosis sleep like state to alter state of consciousness to recover suppressed memories or to modify behaviors by suggestion. Meditation the encouragement of mental relaxation to create inner calmness. Naturopathy herbal treatment to help the body heal itself. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors prescribed antidepressants in order to improve mood. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) the model focusing on decision making and intentional change. Eating Disorder: Anorexia Nervosa Eating disorders are serious illnesses that can affect people of all ages, sex, gender, race, ethnicity and socioeconomic group this disorder specifically targets the persons mental and physical health but with the right treatment and support this illness is treatable. According to the National Eating Disorder Association (2018) Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is characterized by weight loss, lack of appropriate weight gain in growing children; difficult maintaining an appropriate body weight for height, age, and stature; and in many individuals distorted body image. In order to be diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (307.1) according to the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p.171) a person must display (a) restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, development trajectory, and physical health. Significantly low weight is defined as a weight that is less than minimally normal or , for children and adolescents, less than that minimal expected, (b) intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat, or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight, (c) disturbance in the way in which ones body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight. There are two subtypes of AN one is Restricting Type (F50.01): During the last 3 months, the individual has not engaged in recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging behavior (i.e., self-induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). This subtype describes presentations on which weight loss is accomplished primarily through dieting, fasting, and/or excessive exercise. The other subtype is Binge-eating/Purging Type (F50.2): During the 3 months, the individual has engaged in recurrent episodes of binge-eating or purging behavi or (i.e., self-induced vomiting, or the misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas). Historians and psychologists (Richard Morton, 1689) have found evidence of people displaying symptoms of anorexia for hundreds and thousands of years, and even though this disorder often starts during adolescence, more and more children and older adults are being diagnosed with anorexia. Parents and friends, social workers, and other health professionals are unable to tell if a person is struggling with anorexia by just looking at them. A person suffering from anorexia does not need to be emaciated or underweight to be struggling. Studies have found that larger bodied individuals can also have anorexia, even though they may be less likely to be diagnosed due to cultural prejudice against fat and obesity. Conceptual Framework Pertaining Anorexia Nervosa There are a few theories social workers use in order to help their clients with AN, but the theory I would use is the Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory, which divides the persons environment into five different levels: Microsystem, Mesosystem, Ecosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem. The Microsystem is the closest to the person and the one in which they have direct contact (i.e., home, school, or/and work), includes interaction with family members at home, caregivers, and peers (classmates, friends, and/or co-workers) at school or at work, this is the most influential level of the ecological theory. The next level on the ecological theory is the Mesosystem; the interactions between the different microsystems which is the linkage of family, caregivers, peers group (i.e., childs parents actively involved in childs friendships or individuals friendship with peers out of the work environment). The third level on the ecological theory is Ecosystem; is the environment in which the individual is not involved, which is external to his or her experience, but nonetheless affects him or her anyway (i.e., parent stresses over work and comes home and takes it out on the child, or spouse stresses out at work and comes home and takes it out on his or her spouse). The other level on the ecological system theory is Macrosystem which is the culture in which the individual lives in instances with an individual suffering with AN how does the family and friends view AN, stigma and stereotype, as well as societys expectations of how people should look. The last level is Chronosystem; consists of all of the experiences that a person has had during their lifetime (i.e.; environmental events, major life transitions, and/or historical events). A person who suffers from Anorexia Nervosa, they do not have a single identifiable cause there are a various different factors that can play in the persons likelihood of having AN like psychological, social, biological, and external facto rs which as the social worker we should be able to identify them and make a change and help them cope in a better way by then using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) which CBT aims to reinforce better eating behavior and encouraging more positive thinking about him or herself try to change the black and white thinking as well. Community Wellness in Anorexia Nervosa The National Eating Disorder Association (2018) states that at a given point in time between 0.3%-0.4% of young women and 0.1% of young men will suffer from anorexia. A study published by the Biological Psychiatry (2007) studied 9,282 English speaking americans and asked them about mental health conditions in which eating disorders was one of the options and they found out that 0.9% of women and 0.3% of men had anorexia during their life. In another study (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2010) that was followed for eight years using a group of 496 adolescent girls age 12 until they were 20, researchers found that 5.2% of the girls met the DSM-5 criteria for AN, and other eating disorders. In another study done by Eric Stice and Cara Bohan (Eating Disorders in Child and Adolescents Psychopathology, 2012) they found that between 0.9% and 2.0% of females and 0.1% and 0.3% develop AN, and subthreshold AN occurs in 1.1% to 3.0% of adolescent females. In an article Prevalence and Implicati ons of Eating Disordered Behavior in Men (2014), males have a higher risk of dying than women because they are diagnosed much later because of stigma and stereotyping that AN is a womens eating disorder, males do not develop eating disorders even though they make up 25% of individuals with AN. Research has proven that the prevalence of AN is amongst adolescent females but other research has shown me that stigma and stereotyping also plays a part in our society which has made AN a womens mental health ,therefore, men may be excluded from eating disorder, which is not the case; AN does not discriminate. Dialectic Nature of Social Work Practice in Anorexia Nervosa: Conflicts Dilemmas Anorexia happens in stages even though it is not felt by the individual, and every individuals experience is completely different than another individuals everperience. Therefore a social worker does not have one concrete method to help his of her client with AN. All individuals go through the Transtheoretical Model (stages of change): Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and relapse. During the precontemplation stage, the individual is unable to acknowledge their problematic behavior and does not want to change. A person who is suffering from AN during this stage denies allegation from friend and family members that have noticed some of the warning signs and symptoms (i.e., exercising excessively, drastic weight change, binge-eating/purging, restricting eating, and worried about appearance). Therefore this individual is hostile; projects anger and frustration towards those trying to help him or her. During the contemplation stage, the individual is well aware that he or she has a problem and has started to think about getting help. In order for an individual to get to the contemplation stage he or she has to go through an event in there life that they are not willing to lose or go through (i.e., lose a friendship, become terminally ill, it can vary for every individual). They no longer want to use this disorder as a coping mechanism for dealing with stress or challenges in their life because they know it has become a concern. During the preparation stage they begin to connect with change talk for example, I do not want to die, therefore I am ready to change my eating habits and get some help. After preparation it is action, this stage is where the individual has made a change in their behavior, environment, and thoughts. They are committed to the change and also continue practicing their behaviors (i.e., sticking to their meal plan and/or their exercising plan). The maintenance stage the individual is focused on relapse prevention and building on positive changes by improving their health and happiness within themselves and happy with their physique. The individual builds new behaviors, new ways of thinking, healthy self care and coping skills with the help of social workers, support groups, and health professionals. Then, there is relapse, in this stage the social worker, health professions, support system, and individual find out their triggers what works and doesnt work for the individual suffering with AN because they return to their same old patterns, thoughts, and behaviors. A conflict can be the willingness of a person with AN, if the person does not wish to change, there will be no change, even if the child, adolescent is forced to go to a social worker by a parent or anyone concerned with their health also the health professions, social workers, support systems and individuals consistency in wanting to be better. Anorexia Nervosa: Psychiatric Allopathic Medicine Even though AN is a mental illness AN can impact the body, extreme AN can lead to medical problems (i.e., anemia, disturbance in heart rhythm, kidney problems, dental problems due to the vomit acid affecting teeth, and osteoporosis low bone density). These medical problems will need various of testing and to be monitored by medical practitioners with experience in AN. Medical professionals like paediatrician, dietician or nutritionist, dentist, and physiotherapists to help care and treat individuals with AN. Nutritional counseling helps the person identify their fears about food and physical results of not eating well as well as helping the individual get educated on how to eat right, how to track what they are eating and eat in a healthier way instead of not eating at all. Then there is mental health management where we come in social workers or psychologists, which help the individual with various kinds of therapy, counseling, and psychological interventions (i.e., psychotherapy bu ilding the individuals self-esteem self-confidence, anxiety, depression and interpersonal relationships, other therapies like: CBT, Dialectical Behavioral Therapy DBT, Intensive Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy ISTDP, Mindfulness Based Therapy, Group Therapy, Family Based Therapy, The Maudsley Approach, and Support Groups. Drug Treatment may be used to treat hormonal or chemical imbalances, individuals experiencing AN may use Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) such as Zoloft, Prozac, Aropax, and Paxil. These antidepressants in AN are useful to stabilize weight recovery, as well as help with their anxiety and depression that coexists with this eating disorder. Alternative Understandings Approaches to Anorexia Nervosa According to the organization Eating Disorders Victoria (2016) alternative approaches to AN can be Naturopathy, Acupuncture, Aromatherapy, Meditation, Hypnosis, and Homeopathy. These alternatives can be useful to the individual with AN in addition to psychological, nutritional, and medical treatments by reducing anxiety levels or help the individual reconnect with their own body. References Breanna. (n.d.). Anorexia Nervosa. Retrieved from https://www.eatingdisorders.org.au/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa Espie, J., Eisler, I. (2015). Focus on anorexia nervosa: modern psychological treatment and guidelines for the adolescent patient. Adolescent health, medicine and therapeutics, 6, 9-16. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S70300 Lamy, L. (1970, January 01). Todays world from a psychologists perspective. Retrieved from https://todays-psychology.blogspot.com/2011/12/bronfenbrenners-ecological-systems.html Ribnick, Lauren. (2012). Engaging Clients in Eating Disorder Treatment; Reducing Dropout. Retrieved from Sophia, the St. Catherine University repository website: https://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/79 Statistics Research on Eating Disorders. (2018, September 14). Retrieved from https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/statistics-research-eating-disorders What is Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/bronfenbrenner-ecological-theory/ Whitaker AH. An epidemiological study of anorectic and bulimic symptoms in adolescent girls: implications for pediatricians. Pediatr Ann. 1992 Nov;21(11):752-9. PubMed PMID: 1484750.